The peculiarity of the Y-chromosome is that it is transmitted from father to son virtually unchanged and does not experience “mixing” and “dilution” by maternal heredity. This allows it to be used as a mathematically accurate tool for determining paternal ancestry. If the term “dynasty” has any biological meaning, it is specifically the inheritance of the Y chromosome.

“Maternal” dynasty is also possible, but not by the chromosomal genome, but by the mitochondrial genome, i.e. the semi-autonomous genome of an auxiliary cellular organelle that has been parasitized in the past. These organelles get to the offspring without the father’s participation, together with the cytoplasm of the egg cell. In this case, the mitochondrial genome mutates 10-15 times faster than the main genome. This instability is associated with a number of severe hereditary diseases that arise spontaneously and are further transmitted through the maternal line.

Y-chromosomal haplogroups

The Y-chromosome is another matter: it consists of genes directly responsible for the male reproductive system, and the slightest defect, as a rule, makes a man sterile. “Marriage” is not passed on, and the Y-chromosome ‘self-purifies’ in each generation.

But in addition to harmful mutations, in the male chromosome from time to time occur neutral, ignored by natural selection. They are concentrated in “junk” areas of the chromosome that are not genes. Some of these mutations, which happened between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, have proven to be handy markers to mark ancient ancestral populations that later dispersed across the Earth and formed modern humanity.

Y-chromosomal haplogroup defines a set of men united by the presence of such a marker, i.e. originating from a common patriarch ancestor, who many thousands of years ago had a specific mutation of the Y-chromosome.

Any modern ethnos consists of representatives of several, at least two or three Y-chromosomal haplogroups. The geographical distribution of haplogroups is related to the history of migrations of ancient populations that became ancestral to ethnic groups or ethnoses. For example, haplogroup N3 can be called “Finno-Ugric”: if it is found in representatives of a certain area, it means that in the past the population here mixed with Finno-Ugric people. Or already “mixed” tribes came here.

Of the more than 20000 genes in the human genome, the Y-chromosome includes only about 100 pieces. They code mainly for the structure and functioning of the male genitalia. There’s no other information there. Facial features, skin color, mental and thinking peculiarities are prescribed in other chromosomes, which during inheritance go through recombination (paternal and maternal parts of chromosomes are mixed randomly).

Mitochondrial haplogroups

Mitochondrial haplogroups reflecting the origin of female lineage are also studied and identified, but they are less interesting from the point of view of reconstructing relatively recent group movements (from 10,000 years ago). Women were usually not killed during conquests, but “appropriated”. Some male collectives could move without women at all, and capture or trade them on the spot. Besides, even “own” women in primitive communal times were a commodity, more precisely – a “political exchange fund”, they were systematically given in marriage to foreign clans and tribes in order to strengthen neighborly relations. For several thousand years, even without the help of migration, simply by a chain of exogamous exchanges, carriers of a certain mitochondrial haplogroup could cross entire continents.

Curiously, however, the share of the most widespread in Russians mitochondrial haplogroup H (Helena) is approximately equal to the share of the “Aryan” haplogroup R1a1 (48%). This suggests the idea of “native Aryan” mitochondria. Although all the same reasoning as for the Y-chromosome applies to this case: an “Aryan” mitochondrion does not add intelligence.

Haplogroups and genetic level of mutations

…About a degree of development of race can speak its haplogroups – genetic markers, taking into account mutations. For Russian and North-European peoples are characterized by the most modern haplogroups Y-DNA (R1a, R1b), the same for haplogroups mtDNA (H). For colored races, starting from Negroes and ending with Mongoloids and anterior Asians (Jews, Arabs, Armenians, Turks, Caucasians, etc.), more ancient haplogroups are characteristic. I.e. white Caucasoids in genetic plan are the most developed people carrying the greatest quantity of useful mutations and accordingly having the weakest (recessive) form of a genotype.

Disadvantage of the method

If you have done the test and it pleased you a lot, then I hasten to add my ladle of tar. Yes, Y chromosome is passed from father to son practically without changing, but actually genetically useful information in it is not so much, there are much more genes in other pairs of chromosomes. And these other 22 are shuffled quite randomly, with no traces left on the Y of such shuffling.

Imagine this. The Aryan army invades a Negro state. They didn’t take their wives with them. What to do?

1) Aryans have children from Negro women, but the nationality is transmitted only to boys. In this case Y chromosome will be transferred Aryan, but the share of significant Aryan genes will decrease. The first generation will be half Negro, the second three-quarters, the third seven-eighths. Aryan aristocracy in such case will quickly dissolve, though haplogroup Y chromosome will be Aryan. Only it will be of little use. Probably, something similar happened with Finno-Ugrians. The highest percentage of this type have Yakuts and Finns, but genetically they are completely different peoples.

2) Aryans are setting up a caste system. The first generation will also be semi-Negro, but then, if the aristocracy will interbreed only among themselves, the percentage of pure Aryans will float around 50%. And if also to subtract from the caste obvious negroids, it will be possible to receive initial gene pool of conquerors. And similar in the history of the Earth was. The highest castes of Hindus have almost 90% R1a. Probably, the same technology was applied by followers of Moses in desert, in fact for 40 years several generations have changed, and at competent screening the percentage of alien genotype could be strongly reduced.

We can conclude that the presence of Y chromosome marker is a necessary condition for determining nationality, but not sufficient.

Distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups in Europe

Hypothetical Y-DNA distribution 2000 years ago

Distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups on the planet

The major haplogroups :

R1a Aryans (Eastern Slavs); R1b Erbins (Western Europe); I1a(I1) Baltic (Scandinavians); I1b(I2) Balkan (Southern Slavs); N2, N3 Finno-Ugric; E3b African (Berbers); J1, J2 Middle Eastern (Semites); G Caucasian-Iranian (Alans); C Mongoloid (Mongols, Koreans, aborigines of Australia); Q Indians (Selkups, Ketas in Siberia); O – eastern Asia, Oceania; D (Ainu) Tibet, eastern Asia; T Mesopotamia; L (Dravidians – Harap culture, Tamils), H, R2 – India; F (Avars ? ), P – southern Asia, Caucasus; K – Eurasia, Melanesia; A (Bushmen), B (Pygmies) – Africa; M, S – (Papuans) Oceania.